Use uname -a or cat /proc/version or cat /etc/os-release

For flavor/release info use lsb_release -a.

Find CPU HW info with cat /proc/cpuinfo

Find Ubuntu release version wit cat /etc/issue

Great article about understanding CPU loads:
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9001

Graphics card information, use lspci -v -s $(lspci | grep ' VGA ' | cut -d" " -f 1) or sudo lshw -C display

UUID

Universally Unique Identifiers, or UUIDS, are 128 bit numbers, composed of 16 octets and represented as 32 base-16 characters, that can be used to identify information across a computer system. This specification was originally created by Microsoft and standardized by both the IETF and ITU.

cgroups

cgroups (abbreviated from control groups) is a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, network, etc.) of a collection of processes.

Integrated into the kernel for 2.6.24, 2007/2008.

A control group (abbreviated as cgroup) is a collection of processes that are bound by the same criteria and associated with a set of parameters or limits. These groups can be hierarchical, meaning that each group inherits limits from its parent group. The kernel provides access to multiple controllers (also called subsystems) through the cgroup interface;[2] for example, the "memory" controller limits memory use, "cpuacct" accounts CPU usage, etc.

Various projects use cgroups as their basis, including CoreOS, Docker (in 2013), Hadoop, Jelastic, Kubernetes,[35] lmctfy (Let Me Contain That For You), LXC (LinuX Containers), systemd, Mesos and Mesosphere,[35] and HTCondor.

Kernel Headers

https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kbuild/headers_install.txt